Using this approach, these investigators found that 1,3-butadiene presented by far the most significant cancer risk acrolein and acetaldehyde had the greatest potential to be respiratory irritants and cyanide, arsenic, and the cresols were the primary sources of cardiovascular risk.
They considered the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and heart disease. These characteristics vary with the cigarette design and the chemical nature of the product.įowles and Dybing (2003) suggested an approach to identify the chemical components in tobacco smoke with the greatest potential for toxic effects. In assessing the nature of tobacco smoke, scientists must consider chemical composition, concentrations of components, particle size, and particle charge ( Dube and Green 1982). Researchers have estimated that cigarette smoke has 7,357 chemical compounds from many different classes ( Rodgman and Perfetti 2009). Chemical compounds in tobacco can be distilled into smoke or can react to form other constituents that are then distilled to smoke.
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The section on “Biomarkers” offers an overview of in vitro and in vivo data on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and a review of the literature on animal bioassays, in addition to general concepts of biomarkers of exposure, of biologically effective dose, and of potential harm, as an introduction to more detailed descriptions of biomarkers in subsequent chapters of this Surgeon General’s report.Ĭigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds that are bound to aerosol particles or are free in the gas phase.
Consequently, actual exposures to and doses of components of smoke cannot be derived from values obtained with machine smoking. (For more details, see “Delivery of Chemical Constituents into Tobacco Smoke” later in this chapter.) When people smoke, they do not use the puff volume and puff frequency programmed into smoking machines, and smoking habits vary significantly from person to person and cigarette to cigarette. When alternative smoking regimens are used, levels of potentially harmful substances in smoke emissions usually differ from those measured under standard conditions.
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These standard conditions are puff volume of 35 milliliters ( mL), two-second puff duration, one-minute puff frequency, and butt length defined as either 23 millimeters ( mm) for nonfilter cigarettes or the length of the filter overwrap paper plus 3 mm. Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) and the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO). In most cases, the data reported for chemical levels in mainstream smoke were derived under standard smoking conditions described by the U.S. The section on “Chemistry” describes the chemical components of cigarette smoke and addresses aspects of product design that alter the components of cigarette smoke and factors affecting delivery of smoke to the smoker. The following section, “Biomarkers,” focuses on the manufactured tobacco-burning cigarette consumed by the majority of smokers in the United States and elsewhere. These commercial products have not been met with widespread consumer acceptance. The next section, “Chemistry,” includes a brief description of technologies used by cigarette manufacturers in a limited number of cigarette brands marketed as “reduced-exposure” or “lower-yield” products. The literature reviewed in this chapter is limited to manufactured cigarettes and does not include publications on handmade (“roll your own”) cigarettes or other products that contain nicotine. This chapter summarizes the state of knowledge about the chemistry and toxicology of cigarette smoke and provides data relevant to the evaluations and conclusions presented in the disease-specific chapters of this report.
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